Os grandes portugueses vasco da gama biography

Ver artigo principal: Cronologia da viagem. Winius, "Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, —", p. The Globe Encompassed. Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. Madan, Life and travels of Vasco Da Gama p. Visitado a 8 de Julho de ». ISBN Consultado em 5 de julho de Ames,Glenn J. Vasco da Gama e a Villa da Vidigueira. Lisboa: Typographia Universal, Vasco da Gama e a Vidigueira: Estudo historico.

Neste derradeiro programa, existiu um debate aceso entre os defensores de cada finalista. Durante o fim-de-semana de 13 e 14 de Janeiro de foram anunciados os 90 melhores portugueses e os 10 finalistas. Aristides de Sousa Mendes - diplomata. Afonso Henriques - primeiro rei de Portugal. Infante D. Henrique - impulsionador dos descobrimentos.

Fernando Pessoa - poeta modernista e escritor. Vasco da Gama - navegador. Zeca Afonso - cantor, compositor. Florbela Espanca - poeta. Sophia de Mello Breyner - escritora. Manuel I - rei. Rainha Santa Isabel - rainha. Almada Negreiros - pintor, escritor. Leonor de Viseu - rainha consorte de D. Bartolomeu Dias c. Da Gama led two of the Portuguese India Armadas , the first and the fourth.

The latter was the largest and departed for India three years after his return from the first one. For his contributions, in da Gama was appointed Governor of India , with the title of Viceroy , and was ennobled as Count of Vidigueira in He remains a leading figure in the history of exploration, and homages worldwide have celebrated his explorations and accomplishments.

Vasco da Gama was born in the town of Sines , one of the few seaports on the Alentejo coast in southwest Portugal. Little is known of da Gama's early life. Da Gama's near-contemporary Gaspar Correia and others have claimed that he studied under Abraham Zacuto , an astrologer and astronomer, but da Gama's biographer Sanjay Subrahmanyam thinks this dubious.

John II doted on the Order, and the da Gamas' prospects rose accordingly. From the earlier part of the 15th century, Portuguese expeditions organized by Prince Henry the Navigator had been reaching down the African coastline, principally in search of West African riches notably, gold and slaves. Within a few years, Gomes' captains expanded Portuguese knowledge across the Gulf of Guinea , doing business in gold dust, melegueta pepper , ivory and sub-Saharan slaves.

Upon becoming king in , John II of Portugal set out on many long reforms. To break the monarch's dependence on the feudal nobility, John II needed to build up the royal treasury; he considered royal commerce to be the key to achieving that. He was eager to break into the highly profitable spice trade between Europe and Asia, which was conducted chiefly by land.

At the time, this was virtually monopolized by the Republic of Venice , which operated overland routes via Levantine and Egyptian ports, through the Red Sea across to the spice markets of India. John II set a new objective for his captains: to find a sea route to Asia by sailing around the African continent. By the time Vasco da Gama was in his 20s, the king's plans were coming to fruition.

The breakthrough came soon after, when John II's captain Bartolomeu Dias returned from rounding the Cape of Good Hope in , having explored as far as the Fish River Rio do Infante in modern-day South Africa and having verified that the unknown coast stretched away to the northeast. On 8 July Vasco da Gama led a fleet of four ships [ 19 ] with a crew of men from Lisbon.

The distance traveled in the journey around Africa to India and back was greater than the length of the equator. Two of the vessels were carracks , newly built for the voyage; the others were a caravel and a supply boat. The expedition set sail from Lisbon on 8 July It followed the route pioneered by earlier explorers along the coast of Africa via Tenerife and the Cape Verde Islands.

After reaching the coast of present-day Sierra Leone , da Gama took a course south into the open ocean, crossing the equator and seeking the South Atlantic westerlies that Bartolomeu Dias had discovered in For over three months the ships had sailed more than 10, kilometres 6, mi of open ocean, by far the longest journey without landfall made by that time.

With Christmas pending, da Gama and his crew gave the coast they were passing the name Natal , which carried the connotation of "birth of Christ" in Portuguese. Vasco da Gama spent 2 to 29 March in the vicinity of Mozambique Island. Arab-controlled territory on the East African coast was an integral part of the network of trade in the Indian Ocean.

Fearing the local population would be hostile to Christians, da Gama impersonated a Muslim and gained audience with the Sultan of Mozambique. With the paltry trade goods he had to offer, the explorer was unable to provide a suitable gift to the ruler. Soon the local populace became suspicious of da Gama and his men. Forced by a hostile crowd to flee Mozambique, da Gama departed the harbor, firing his cannons into the city in retaliation.

In the vicinity of modern Kenya, the expedition resorted to piracy, looting Arab merchant ships that were generally unarmed trading vessels without heavy cannons. The Portuguese became the first known Europeans to visit the port of Mombasa from 7 to 13 April , but were met with hostility and soon departed. Vasco da Gama continued north, arriving on 14 April at the friendlier port of Malindi , whose leaders were in conflict with those of Mombasa.

There, da Gama and his crew contracted the services of a pilot who used his knowledge of the monsoon winds to guide the expedition the rest of the way to Kozhikode , located on the southwest coast of India. Sources differ over the identity of the pilot, calling him variously a Christian, a Muslim, or a Gujarati Hindu. One traditional story describes the pilot as the famous Arab navigator Ibn Majid , but other contemporaneous accounts place Majid elsewhere, and he could not have been near the vicinity at the time.

Vasco da Gama left Malindi for India on 24 April The fleet arrived in Kappadu near Kozhikode known as Kozhikode at the time, subsequently known as Calicut and now renamed Kozhikode on the Malabar Coast present-day Kerala state of India on 20 May The Zamorin Samoothiri of Kozhikode, who was at that time staying in his second capital at Ponnani , returned to the city on hearing the news of the foreign fleet's arrival.

The navigator was received with traditional hospitality, including a grand procession of at least 3, armed Nairs , but an interview with the Zamorin failed to produce any concrete results. When local authorities asked da Gama's fleet, "What brought you hither? While the Zamorin's officials wondered at why there was no gold or silver, the Muslim merchants who considered da Gama their rival suggested that the latter was only an ordinary pirate and not a royal ambassador.

Annoyed by this, da Gama carried a few Nairs and sixteen fishermen mukkuva off with him by force. Vasco da Gama left Kozhikode on 29 August Eager to set sail for home, he ignored the local knowledge of monsoon wind patterns that were still blowing onshore. The fleet initially inched north along the Indian coast, and then anchored in at Anjediva island for a spell.

They finally struck out for their Indian Ocean crossing on 3 October But with the winter monsoon yet to set in, it was a harrowing journey.

Os grandes portugueses vasco da gama biography

On the outgoing journey, sailing with the summer monsoon wind, da Gama's fleet crossed the Indian Ocean in only 23 days; now, on the return trip, sailing against the wind, it took more than 90 days. Da Gama saw land again only on 2 January , passing before the coastal Somali city of Mogadishu , then under the influence of the Ajuran Empire in the Horn of Africa.

The fleet did not make a stop, but passing before Mogadishu, the anonymous diarist of the expedition noted that it was a large city with houses of four or five storeys high and big palaces in its center and many mosques with cylindrical minarets. Da Gama's fleet finally arrived in Malindi on 7 January , in a terrible state — approximately half of the crew had died during the crossing, and many of the rest were afflicted with scurvy.

After leaving Malindi, the sailing was smoother. By early March, the fleet had arrived in Mossel Bay, and crossed the Cape of Good Hope in the opposite direction on 20 March, reaching the western coast of Africa by 25 April. The diary record of the expedition ends abruptly here. Da Gama and his sickly brother eventually hitched a ride with a Guinea caravel returning to Portugal, but Paulo da Gama died en route.

He eventually took passage on an Azorean caravel and finally arrived in Lisbon on 29 August according to Barros , [ 32 ] or early September [ 19 ] 8th or 18th, according to other sources. Despite his melancholic mood, da Gama was given a hero's welcome and showered with honors, including a triumphal procession and public festivities. King Manuel wrote two letters in which he described da Gama's first voyage, in July and August , soon after the return of the ships.

Girolamo Sernigi also wrote three letters describing da Gama's first voyage soon after the return of the expedition. The expedition had exacted a large cost — two ships and over half the men had been lost. It had also failed in its principal mission of securing a commercial treaty with Kozhikode. Nonetheless, the small quantities of spices and other trade goods brought back on the remaining two ships demonstrated the potential of great profit for future trade.

Two decades later, da Gama again returned to India, this time as Portuguese viceroy; he died there of an illness in late Born circa , Vasco da Gama was the son of a minor nobleman who commanded the fortress at Sines, located on the coast of the Alentejo province in southwestern Portugal. Little else is known about his early life, but in King John II sent da Gama to the port city of Setubal south of Lisbon and to the Algarve region to seize French ships in retaliation for French attacks on Portuguese shipping interests.

Did you know? By the time Vasco da Gama returned from his first voyage to India in , he had spent more than two years away from home, including days at sea, and had traveled some 24, miles. Only 54 of his original crew of men returned with him; the majority including da Gama's brother Paolo had died of illnesses such as scurvy. At the time, the Muslims held a monopoly of trade with India and other Eastern nations, thanks to their geographical position.

Da Gama sailed from Lisbon that July with four vessels, traveling south along the coast of Africa before veering far off into the southern Atlantic in order to avoid unfavorable currents.