Paul dupre lafon biography of albert einstein

All three of them work together in producing a small handful of pieces, with his wife also trained as a watchmaker and his son apprenticing under his father. Under this new venture, Roth has narrowed his focus, on what matters the most to him. He only produces about two to three pieces a year, all of them displaying an impressive level of craft and hand-finished details.

French watchmaker Jean-Baptiste Viot began his career in restoration, first working at the International Museum of Watchmaking in La Chaux-de-Fonds, then briefly at Vacheron Constantin, before moving to Breguet in , where he spent eight years. After that, Viot decided to strike out on his own, as an independent watchmaker. Kikuchi Nakagawa was founded by watchmaker Tomonari Nakagawa and designer Yusuke Kikuchi in , when the pair met in Paris.

At the time, Kikuchi was attending watchmaking school and would later go on to work in watch repair. Meanwhile, Nakagawa had originally trained to be a swordsmith, later applying those metal-work skills to watchmaking and finding employment with Citizen Watch Co. Their shared sensibilities and appreciation of watchmaking from the s and metal finishing are evident in the brand's work.

Rendering complex concepts into metal, their watches the Everywhere and Anywhere are true mechanical feats, transforming the world of complications as we know it. Prior to starting his eponymous brand, Laurent Ferrier worked at Patek Philippe for four decades, with his final position as creative director. Particularly reminiscent of classic Patek designs, we see a focus on maintaining tradition while creating watches that are contemporary and relevant.

Laurent Ferrier is suited to the collector who appreciates excellent craftsmanship combined with modern aesthetics. In the earlier years, the manufacture grew to a team of just 10 watchmakers, producing 30 watches each year. Robert Watch Co. However, the brand soon came into its own and began to produce watch movements in In , watchmaker Christine Hutter resurrected the historic name and the brand started producing watches from The brand today is known for its highly professional atelier, fine finishing and limited output.

Although McGonigle initially began his career in Switzerland with his brother, Stephen McGonigle, his desire to explore his own watchmaking philosophy and aesthetic led John to become independent. First introduced in by watchmaker Michel Parmigiani, The brand takes its name from its founder, Parmigiani, and the village in which it was founded — Fleurier, Switzerland.

Parmigiani made a name for himself in the s as a master restorer of vintage clocks and watches, and his workshop was where Kari Voutilainen first began his own watchmaking journey. Backed by the Sandoz Family Foundation, Parmigiani was able to begin creating original pieces, and the brand now boasts a rich 25 years of watchmaking. Based in the south-western French port city of Bayonne, Pascal Coyon worked as a watch and clock repairer before he embarked on an ambitious goal of creating his own chronometre wristwatch offered at an affordable price point.

Patek Philippe, the blue chip of the industry, has long been seen as the premier manufacturer of haute horlogerie timepieces. A Patek Philippe reflects a certain discretion and quiet satisfaction in the wearer, preferring tastefulness and subtlety , with no pretense. Ranging from a simple, time-only Calatrava, to the ultra-complicated perpetual calendar chronograph , there is certainly a Patek Philippe for everyone.

His work is a spectrum of traditional aesthetics and strikingly modern style, entirely made by hand. A Collected Man is honoured to be the exclusive European retailer for the independent watchmakers. If you would like to be notified about future projects, please register your interest. With a long-stretching career and recent record-breaking auction result, Philippe Dufour is the undisputed king of finishing.

Learn more about the Grande et Petite Sonnerie , the most expensive wristwatch ever sold publicly by an independent watchmaker here. A Collected Man is the approved re-seller of pre-owned Dufour Watches. His early experiments included automations, while his first watch was the Soberly Onyx, based on a vintage CYMA movement. A combination of the words renaissance and essentiel, Ressence is a young, independent brand with a unique approach to contemporary watchmaking.

Founded by the Belgian industrial designer, M. When they released the RM tourbillon in , it was just a hint of where the brand would progress over the subsequent decades, taking inspiration from the worlds of Formula One, aerospace and automotive research. In the '80s, Roger Dubuis left Patek Philippe to establish his own workshop, dedicating himself to the restoration of older pieces.

In , following a partnership with businessman Carlos Dias, he would establish his own eponymous brand. Dubuis' attempt to rival Patek Philippe themselves became one of the reasons for his acclaim — his pieces channelled the traditional Geneva watchmaking that Patek Philippe embodied with more stylistic flair. Smith OBE is recognised as one of the greatest watchmakers of the modern era.

The only apprentice and collaborator of the late Dr. George Daniels, they worked on a number of projects together, from the Millennium series to tourbillon wristwatches. Smith has since become the flag bearer for English watchmaking, building on the work of his mentor, but also on past luminaries like Tompion, Graham, and Arnold.

Gauthier then pivoted, studying precision mechanics and then machine-tool construction. He then went on to launch his eponymous brand, with guidance from other independent watchmakers such as Philippe Dufour. Inspired by his time at manufactures including Piaget, Parmigiani, Vianney Halter and Christophe Claret, Stepan demonstrates his passion for the craft in each watch to come out of the workshop.

Starting out at Somlo Antiques, Speake became a specialist restorer of antique and vintage timepieces. He remained active with the brand until , then spent another 5 years in horological education. Sylvain Pinaud is no stranger to the watch industry, having worked within it in various capacities before starting his independent brand. His experience is evident in his watches, demonstrating mastery of craft and a sharp focus on carefully chosen details.

Located in Ipsach, Switzerland, Thomas Prescher was a naval officer before he decided to become a watchmaker. He founded his independent brand in , and has become known for his work with tourbillons, as well as his unique commissions for clients. Created in , Ulysse Nardin has always been inspired by seafaring, creating chronometres of both the marine and pocket variety in these early days.

After the Quartz Crisis, the brand was then revived in by Rolf Schnyder, former Jaeger-LeCoultre executive, and watchmaker Ludwig Oechslin, before becoming a subsidiary of the French group Kering in The association with seafaring has remained a constant, with the brand often serving as the official supplier to navies around the world.

Urwerk is an award-winning watch brand based in Geneva, Switzerland, and is known for its avant-garde designs and new indications and complications. Founded in by watchmaker brothers Thomas and Felix Baumgartner Thomas Baumgartner left in along with the artist and designer Martin Frei, they have quickly become a leader in innovative independent watchmaking.

Vacheron Constantin boast a lengthy and uninterrupted history of manufacture, dating back to From a young age, Vianney Halter was fascinated by mechanics, science fiction, and space exploration. In , he demonstrated an early talent by realizing the headquarters of the apparel company Weill. Realizing most of his pieces on commission, he became the most virtuous of the figures of the functionalist side of Art Deco.

His mastering of the alliance of metal elements, of noble and exotic woods, to subtil and colorful leathers, soon resulted in the advent of a sophisticated and elegant modernism. We will process the personal data you have supplied in accordance with our privacy policy available on request. However, after publishing the findings, they promptly withdrew their support, because they no longer had confidence in the correctness of the idea of zero-point energy.

In , at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in Physikalische Zeitschrift that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission , the physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser. This paper was enormously influential in the later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws.

Einstein discovered Louis de Broglie 's work and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first. In another major paper from this era, Einstein observed that de Broglie waves could explain the quantization rules of Bohr and Sommerfeld. Einstein played a major role in developing quantum theory, beginning with his paper on the photoelectric effect.

However, he became displeased with modern quantum mechanics as it had evolved after , despite its acceptance by other physicists. He was skeptical that the randomness of quantum mechanics was fundamental rather than the result of determinism, stating that God "is not playing at dice". The Bohr—Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Einstein and Niels Bohr , who were two of its founders.

Their debates are remembered because of their importance to the philosophy of science. Einstein never fully accepted quantum mechanics. While he recognized that it made correct predictions, he believed a more fundamental description of nature must be possible. Over the years he presented multiple arguments to this effect, but the one he preferred most dated to a debate with Bohr in Einstein suggested a thought experiment in which two objects are allowed to interact and then moved apart a great distance from each other.

The quantum-mechanical description of the two objects is a mathematical entity known as a wavefunction. But because of what would later be called quantum entanglement , measuring one object would lead to an instantaneous change of the wavefunction describing the other object, no matter how far away it is. Moreover, the choice of which measurement to perform upon the first object would affect what wavefunction could result for the second object.

Einstein reasoned that no influence could propagate from the first object to the second instantaneously fast. Indeed, he argued, physics depends on being able to tell one thing apart from another, and such instantaneous influences would call that into question. Because the true "physical condition" of the second object could not be immediately altered by an action done to the first, Einstein concluded, the wavefunction could not be that true physical condition, only an incomplete description of it.

A more famous version of this argument came in , when Einstein published a paper with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen that laid out what would become known as the EPR paradox. Then, no matter how far the two particles were separated, a precise position measurement on one particle would imply the ability to predict, perfectly, the result of measuring the position of the other particle.

Likewise, a precise momentum measurement of one particle would result in an equally precise prediction for of the momentum of the other particle, without needing to disturb the other particle in any way. They argued that no action taken on the first particle could instantaneously affect the other, since this would involve information being transmitted faster than light, which is forbidden by the theory of relativity.

They invoked a principle, later known as the "EPR criterion of reality", positing that: If, without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty i. From this, they inferred that the second particle must have a definite value of both position and of momentum prior to either quantity being measured. But quantum mechanics considers these two observables incompatible and thus does not associate simultaneous values for both to any system.

Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen therefore concluded that quantum theory does not provide a complete description of reality. In , John Stewart Bell carried the analysis of quantum entanglement much further. He deduced that if measurements are performed independently on the two separated particles of an entangled pair, then the assumption that the outcomes depend upon hidden variables within each half implies a mathematical constraint on how the outcomes on the two measurements are correlated.

This constraint would later be called a Bell inequality. Bell then showed that quantum physics predicts correlations that violate this inequality. Consequently, the only way that hidden variables could explain the predictions of quantum physics is if they are "nonlocal", which is to say that somehow the two particles are able to interact instantaneously no matter how widely they ever become separated.

Despite this, and although Einstein personally found the argument in the EPR paper overly complicated, [ ] [ ] that paper became among the most influential papers published in Physical Review. It is considered a centerpiece of the development of quantum information theory. Encouraged by his success with general relativity, Einstein sought an even more ambitious geometrical theory that would treat gravitation and electromagnetism as aspects of a single entity.

In , he described his unified field theory in a Scientific American article titled "On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation". Although most researchers now believe that Einstein's approach to unifying physics was mistaken, his goal of a theory of everything is one to which his successors still aspire. Einstein conducted other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned.

These pertain to force , superconductivity , and other research. In addition to longtime collaborators Leopold Infeld , Nathan Rosen , Peter Bergmann and others, Einstein also had some one-shot collaborations with various scientists. In , Owen Willans Richardson predicted that a change in the magnetic moment of a free body will cause this body to rotate.

This effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum and is strong enough to be observable in ferromagnetic materials. These measurements also allow the separation of the two contributions to the magnetization: that which is associated with the spin and with the orbital motion of the electrons. The Einstein-de Haas experiment is the only experiment concived, realized and published by Albert Einstein himself.

It was lost among the museum's holdings and was rediscovered in This absorption refrigerator was then revolutionary for having no moving parts and using only heat as an input. Their invention was not immediately put into commercial production, but the most promising of their patents were acquired by the Swedish company Electrolux. Einstein also invented an electromagnetic pump, [ ] sound reproduction device, [ ] and several other household devices.

While traveling, Einstein wrote daily to his wife Elsa and adopted stepdaughters Margot and Ilse. The letters were included in the papers bequeathed to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Margot Einstein permitted the personal letters to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until twenty years after her death she died in [ ].

Barbara Wolff, of the Hebrew University's Albert Einstein Archives , told the BBC that there are about 3, pages of private correspondence written between and Einstein's right of publicity was litigated in in a federal district court in California. Although the court initially held that the right had expired, [ ] that ruling was immediately appealed, and the decision was later vacated in its entirety.

The underlying claims between the parties in that lawsuit were ultimately settled. The right is enforceable, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is the exclusive representative of that right. Mount Einstein in the Chugach Mountains of Alaska was named in In , Einstein was named Time 's Person of the Century. In , a survey of the top physicists voted for Einstein as the "greatest physicist ever", while a parallel survey of rank-and-file physicists gave the top spot to Isaac Newton , with Einstein second.

Physicist Lev Landau ranked physicists from 0 to 5 on a logarithmic scale of productivity and genius, with Newton and Einstein belonging in a "super league", with Newton receiving the highest ranking of 0, followed by Einstein with 0. Physicist Eugene Wigner noted that while John von Neumann had the quickest and acute mind he ever knew, the understanding of Einstein was deeper than von Neumann's, stating that: [ ].

But Einstein's understanding was deeper than even Jancsi von Neumann's. His mind was both more penetrating and more original than von Neumann's. And that is a very remarkable statement. Einstein took an extraordinary pleasure in invention. Two of his greatest inventions are the Special and General Theories of Relativity; and for all of Jancsi's brilliance, he never produced anything so original.

No modern physicist has. The year was labeled the " World Year of Physics ", and was also known as "Einstein Year", in recognition of Einstein's " miracle year " in Einstein became one of the most famous scientific celebrities after the confirmation of his general theory of relativity in In the period before World War II, The New Yorker published a vignette in their "The Talk of the Town" feature saying that Einstein was so well known in America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain "that theory".

Eventually he came to cope with unwanted enquirers by pretending to be someone else: Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein. Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of music. Time magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Einstein was "a cartoonist's dream come true". Many popular quotations are often misattributed to him.

Einstein received numerous awards and honors, and in , he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. None of the nominations in met the criteria set by Alfred Nobel , so the prize was carried forward and awarded to Einstein in Einsteinium , a synthetic chemical element, was named in his honor in , a few months after his death.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. German-born physicist — For other uses, see Einstein disambiguation and Albert Einstein disambiguation. Princeton, New Jersey , U. See list. Coining the term unified field theory Describing mass—energy equivalence Explaining Brownian motion Explaining gravitational waves Explaining the photoelectric effect Formulating Einstein field equations Introducing Bose—Einstein statistics Introducing the cosmological constant Postulating the Bose—Einstein condensate Proposing the EPR paradox Proposing general relativity Proposing special relativity.

Albert Einstein's voice. This article is part of a series about. Political views Religious views Family Oppenheimer relationship. Childhood, youth and education. See also: Einstein family. Einstein's parents, Hermann and Pauline. Marriages, relationships and children. Resident scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study. Main article: Political views of Albert Einstein.

Relationship with Zionism. Religious and philosophical views. Main article: Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein. Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics. Main articles: Statistical mechanics , thermal fluctuations , and statistical physics. Theory of critical opalescence. Main article: Critical opalescence. Main article: History of special relativity.

General relativity and the equivalence principle. Main article: History of general relativity. See also: Theory of relativity and Einstein field equations. Hole argument and Entwurf theory. Main article: Physical cosmology.

Paul dupre lafon biography of albert einstein

Energy momentum pseudotensor. Main article: Stress—energy—momentum pseudotensor. Einstein—Cartan theory. Main article: Einstein—Cartan theory. Main article: Einstein—Infeld—Hoffmann equations. Main article: Old quantum theory. Photons and energy quanta. Quantized atomic vibrations. Main article: Einstein solid. Bose—Einstein statistics. Main article: Bose—Einstein statistics.

Wave—particle duality. Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics. Main article: Bohr—Einstein debates. Einstein—Podolsky—Rosen paradox. Main article: EPR paradox. Main article: Classical unified field theories. Main article: Einstein's unsuccessful investigations. Collaboration with other scientists. Einstein—de Haas experiment. Main article: Einstein—de Haas effect.

Main article: Albert Einstein in popular culture. Main article: List of awards and honors received by Albert Einstein. Further information: List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein. Einstein, Albert [Completed 13 December and manuscript received 16 December ]. Written at Zurich, Switzerland. Paul Karl Ludwig Drude ed. Annalen der Physik.

Vierte Folge in German. Bibcode : AnP Einstein, Albert a [Completed 17 March and submitted 18 March ]. Written at Berne, Switzerland. Einstein, Albert b [Completed 30 April ]. Berne, Switzerland: Wyss Buchdruckerei published 20 July Einstein, Albert c [Manuscript received: 11 May ]. Einstein, Albert d [Manuscript received 30 June ]. Annalen der Physik Submitted manuscript.

Einstein, Albert e [Manuscript received 27 September ]. Einstein, Albert [Completed 25 November ]. Sitzungsberichte in German. Einstein, Albert [Issued 29 June ]. Sitzungsberichte Bibcode : SPAW Einstein, Albert a. Einstein, Albert b. Physikalische Zeitschrift in German. Bibcode : PhyZ Einstein, Albert 31 January Retrieved 14 November Einstein, Albert [First published , in English ].

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She has chosen the cream of her culture and has suppressed it. She has even turned upon her most glorious citizen, Albert Einstein, who is the supreme example of the selfless intellectual The man, who, beyond all others, approximates a citizen of the world, is without a home. How proud we must be to offer him temporary shelter. He was quoted as saying that improving the design and changing the types of gases used might allow the design's efficiency to be quadrupled.

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