Professional bibliography format

Format Author surname, initial. Book title. City: Publisher, pp. Example Greenblatt, S. The new Cambridge companion to Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. Translated from the [language] by ranslator name. Example Saramago, J. Translated from the Portuguese by G. Example Danielson, D. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Note that this example is an edited collection of essays from different authors, and thus the editor is listed as the main author.

Example Maceachen, D. Notes This format is also used for journal articles which you accessed online but which are available in print too. There is no space between the volume and issue number in brackets. The page range shows where the article is located in the journal. Unlike other titles, the name of a journal uses headline capitalisation; capitalise every important word.

Example Adamson, P. Notes When an article you accessed online has no print equivalent, include the DOI if available. Example Theroux, A. Use the stable URL provided by the database if there is one. General web page Online article or blog Social media post Format Author surname, initial. Year Page title. Example Google Google terms of service.

Notes Reference list entries for pages without a clearly identified author can begin with the name of the relevant site or organisation instead. For web sources with no DOI, include an access date. Example Rakich, N. Notes Here you include the year at the start as usual, but also the exact day of publication later in the reference. Example Dorsey, J.

If the post has a title, use it in italics. It shows that you have thoroughly investigated the topic and consulted a variety of sources. A bibliography enhances the credibility of your work. It shows that you have engaged with existing research and literature, adding legitimacy to your findings and arguments. A bibliography allows others to verify the sources you used.

This transparency helps maintain the integrity of academic and research work. Creating a bibliography involves following specific rules to ensure accuracy, consistency, and clarity. Here are the essential rules for different citation styles:. A bibliography provides a comprehensive list of all the sources you have referred to or consulted in your research work.

Here are the key elements included in a bibliography:. It credits sources, avoids plagiarism, and provides evidence, enhancing the credibility and reliability of your academic work. List the author, year, title in italics, and publisher.

Professional bibliography format

A bibliography includes all consulted sources, while a reference list only includes sources directly cited in the text. List all authors in the order they appear in the source. Include the author or organization , year, title, and URL. A formatting style where the first line of each entry is flush left, and subsequent lines are indented.

Yes, in a bibliography, you can include sources you consulted for background information, even if not directly cited. Author s , year, article title, journal title, volume, issue, page numbers, and DOI if available. Follow the specific guidelines for your chosen style. Academic Science Health Informatics Journal , 13 2 , Chase, M.

Wall Street Journal. Kidd, P. A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction. Alternative Medicine 4 3. Morrison, J. Life and death of neurons in the aging brain. Science, , Perlmutter, D. The better brain book. Riverhead Books. You may be required to write an APA annotated bibliography.

Follow the same formatting rules as above; however, include all sources consulted and add an evaluative or summary annotation of each source listed. This format is used by many psychology professors, students, and researchers. Even if it is not a required part of your assignment, writing a bibliography can help you keep track of your sources and make it much easier to create your final reference page in proper APA format.

A bibliography is similar in many ways to a reference section , but there are some important differences. While a reference section includes every source that was actually used in your paper, a bibliography may include sources that you considered using but may have dismissed because they were irrelevant or outdated. Bibliographies can be a great way to keep track of information you might want to use in your paper and to organize the information that you find in different sources.

The following are four steps you can follow to create your APA format bibliography. Your working bibliography should be kept separate from the rest of your paper. Start it on a new page, with the title "Bibliography" centered at the top and in bold text. Some people use the title "References" instead, so it's best to check with your professor or instructor about which they prefer you to use.

Compile all the sources you might possibly use in your paper. While you might not use all of these sources in your paper, having a complete list will make it easier later on when you prepare your reference section. By quickly glancing through your working bibliography, you will be able to get a better idea of which sources will be the most appropriate to support your thesis and main points.

The first line of each reference should be flush left, while each additional line of a single reference should be a few spaces to the right of the left margin, which is known as a hanging indent. The format of each source is as follows for academic journals:. The following examples are scholarly articles in academic journals, cited in APA format:.

Visit the American Psychological Association's website for more information on citing other types of sources including online media, audiovisual media, and more. Normally a bibliography contains only references' information, but in some cases you might decide to create an annotated bibliography. An annotation is a summary or evaluation of the source.

An annotation is a brief description of approximately words describing the information in the source, your evaluation of its credibility, and how it pertains to your topic. Writing one of these for each piece of research will make your writing process faster and easier.